Bali's ancient rice terraces and water temples face threats from tourism and development

Bali's cultural landscape, recognized by UNESCO in 2012, encompasses 19,500 hectares of rice terraces and water temples, intricately linked by the subak irrigation system and the Tri Hita Karana philosophy. This system, dating back to the 9th century, manages water resources through temples and supports traditional rice cultivation on the island's fertile volcanic slopes. The landscape includes five key areas, such as the Supreme Water Temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur. While the system remains active, with approximately 1,200 water collectives managing water for 50 to 400 farmers each, it faces increasing pressure. Tourism, unwanted construction, and the challenge of retaining farmers on the land threaten the visual integrity and the continued functioning of this living heritage. Preserving the surrounding areas and supporting traditional farming are crucial to maintaining this unique balance of agriculture, spirituality, and community.